industry

An industry is generally any grouping of businesses that share a common method of generating profits, such as the "music industry", the "automobile industry", or the "cattle industry". Usually an industry is also used specifically to refer to an area of economic production focused on manufacturing which involves large amounts of capital investment before any profit can be realized, also called "heavy industry.". As of 2004, Financial services is the largest industry (or category of industries) in the world in terms of earnings.

Industry in the second sense became a key sector of production in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the development of steam engines, power looms, and advances in large scale steel and coal production. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily integrating previously impossibly-distant world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Manufacturing is a wealth producing sector in an economy. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than agriculture's share.

Solar System

The Solar System is the stellar system comprising the Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it: the eight planets, their 162 known moons, three currently identified dwarf planets and their four known moons, and thousands of small bodies. This last category includes asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and interplanetary dust.

The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun; a main sequence G2 star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally. Because of its large mass, the Sun has an interior density high enough to sustain nuclear fusion, releasing enormous amounts of energy, most of which is radiated into space in the form of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. The Sun's two largest orbiting bodies, Jupiter and Saturn, account for more than 90% of the system's remaining mass.

Genotype

The genotype is the specific genetic makeup of an individual, in the form of DNA. Together with the environmental variation that influences the individual, it codes for the phenotype of that individual. Non-hereditary mutations are not classically understood as representing the individuals’ genotype. Hence, scientists and doctors sometimes talk for example about the type of a particular cancer, thus separating the disease from the diseased. While codons for different amino acids may change in a random mutation, this doesn't necessarily alter the phenotype.

Typically, one refers to an individual's genotype with regard to a particular gene of interest and, in polyploid individuals; it refers to what combination of alleles the individual carries. Any given gene will usually cause an observable change in an organism, known as the phenotype. The distinction between genotype and phenotype is commonly experienced when studying family patterns for certain hereditary diseases or conditions, for example, hemophilia. Sometimes people who do not have hemophilia can have children with the disease, because the parents each "carried" hemophilia genes in their body, even though these genes have no effect on the parent’s health.

Competitiveness

Many philosophers and psychologists have recognized a trait in most living organisms that drive the particular organism to compete. This trait, called competitiveness, is viewed as an innate biological trait that coexists along with the urge for survival. Competitiveness, or the inclination to compete, though, has become identical with aggressiveness and ambitiousness in the English language. Competing with, however, instead of competing against - is synonymous with the synthesis process, and exercised through dialectic. More advanced civilizations integrate progressiveness, instead of forcefulness, into their interactions.

The term also applies to econometrics. Here it is a comparative measure of the ability and performance of a firm or ub-sector to sell and produce/supply goods and/or services in a given market. The two academic bodies of thought on the evaluation of competitivenes are the Structure Conduct Performance Paradigm and the more contemporary New Empirical Industrial organization model. Predicting changes in the competitiveness of business sectors is becoming an integral and explicit step in public policy making. Within capitalist economic systems, the drive of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness.